special B mesons found at LHCb

Interesting news from the LHCb detector today. Physorg.com are carrying a story about group of scientists led by Syracuse University physicist, Sheldon Stone, who have apparently become the first to observe the decays of a rare particle - a special type of B meson - thought to be present right after the Big Bang.

Physorg.com write:
"B mesons are a rare and special subgroup of mesons composed of a quark and anti-quark. While B mesons were common after the Big Bang, they are not believed to occur in nature today and can only be created and observed under experimental conditions in the LHC or other high-energy colliders.

Sheldon Stone comments: "We know when the universe formed from the Big Bang, it had just as much matter as antimatter. But we live in a world predominantly made of matter, therefore, there had to be differences in the decaying of both matter and antimatter in order to end up with a surplus of matter."

Because these particles don't play by the same rules of physics as most other matter, scientists believe B mesons may have played an important role in the rise of matter over antimatter. The particles may also provide clues about the nature of the forces that led to this lack of symmetry in the universe.

Sheldon Stone, notes on Physorg, "we want to figure out the nature of the forces that influence the decay of these particles. These forces exist, but we just don't know what they are. It could help explain why antimatter decays differently than matter."

Source: http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-03-physicists-rare-particles-large-hadron.html

Nature Network

Particle Decelerator has joined the Nature blogosphere.

As well as being a portal to the blogs written by Nature editors and journalists, Nature Blogs aggregates posts from science blogs. We're in the P section.

Source: http://blogs.nature.com/blogs/atoz/P

Is the Universe really cloaked in invisible cloth?

This week the science blogs have been alive with conflicting views about dark matter.

Dark matter is the invisible stuff that is supposed to make up around 20% of the Universe. But not everyone is willing to buy the idea that the Universe is cloaked in "invisible cloth." Proponents of an alternative, older theory, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), insist theories of dark matter, may simply have no clothes.

The latest MOND vs Dark Matter discussions have been promoted by the publication of a highly controversial paper by University of Maryland astronomer, Stacy McGaugh in the Physical Review Letters, which suggests that for galaxies, MOND fits the facts more reliably than theories of dark matter.

cf: https://www.newsdesk.umd.edu

The Weizmann Wave - the blog of the Weizmann Institute, who came up with MOND in 1983 - immediately picked up on this: They wrote:

"Dark matter [...] was thought up to explain a puzzling observation. The amount of mass we can see through our telescopes is not enough to keep galaxies from spinning apart. The existence of great quantities of hidden mass would provide the gravitational pull needed to form those galaxies and enable them to rotate in the way that they do.

[But] an alternate theory, first put forward by Weizmann Institute astrophysicist Prof. Moti Milgrom in 1983, doesn't require dark matter to explain the phenomenon. Instead, it posits that gravity works differently on the intergalactic scale. With a good tweak to Newton's formula, the observed Universe falls into place. This is not the violation of a basic law of physics that it might appear: Milgrom points out that gravity works fine in our every-day world, but the formula breaks down at extremes - at the speed of light or in the sub-atomic world of quantum mechanics, for example. So super-galactic scales could be another case in which the rules of gravity simply don't apply quite as Newton wrote them.

While most are still waiting for the hunt for the mysterious dark matter to yield results, a growing minority of physicists are starting to admit that MOND (modified Newtonian dynamics) could provide a better explanation."

cf: http://scienceblogs.com/weizmann

This view is deeply controversial. Many senior researchers were quick to criticise the media feeding frenzy which surrounded the publication of McGaugh's paper:

In an article on Cosmic Variance blog, Sean Carroll noted:

"McGaugh's new paper doesn't give any evidence at all against dark matter. What it does is to claim that an alternative theory - MOND, which replaces dark matter with a modification of Newtonian dynamics - provides a good fit to a certain class of gas-rich galaxies. That's an interesting result! Just not the result the headlines would have you believe"

cf. http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/cosmicvariance

In an illuminating post on Starts With a Bang, Ethan Siegel went one step further, concluding emphatically:

"MOND was designed to work for rotating galaxies. The problem is it doesn't do anything else. And its adherents never point to anything other than rotating galaxies to support it. [...] If you want to be taken seriously as a theory, you need to do more than just the one thing you were designed to do. [...] this isn't to say that MOND isn't an interesting idea, or that the people working on it are frauds. But what's being reported is grossly misleading at best, and blatantly dishonest at worst. General Relativity could still need fixing, and there could be something else going on with gravity beyond dark matter. But we still need dark matter -- or something heretofore indistinguishable from it -- to explain all our large-scale observations."

cf: http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang

Phil Plait's analysis on the topic on his well known Bad Astronomy blog is pretty much summed up in the title - "Dark matter is alive and well, thankyouverymuch"

cf: http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy

But this isn't a debate which is likely to go away any time soon, so keep an eye on Science blogs for the latest ripostes in the battle of theories.

Other sources: http://news.sciencemag.org

An exquisite new instrument for listening to the Music of the Spheres

This week, the remarkable Kepler spacecraft has been in the news for the fascinating new research it is generating in detecting the size and age of stars. Kepler is using a technique that scientists dub "asteroseismology" to measure minuscule variations in a star's brightness that occur as sound-waves bounce within it.

Dr Bill Chaplin, Reader in Solar and Stellar Physics, from the University of Birmingham's School of Physics and Astronomy, spoke at the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference on Saturday 19 February 2011, giving an overview of results on the study of solar-type stars using the science of asteroseismology.

Asteroseismology is the observation of the natural resonances, or pulsations, of stars. Using the data from these oscillations, collected by the NASA Kepler spacecraft, it is possible to measure the ages and sizes of stars, and to map out their interiors with hitherto unknown precision. The Kepler Mission is primarily used to look for extrasolar planets - planets that are outside our solar system orbiting other stars, but this new finding is one of the most significant pieces of research is has yielded in recent times.

Chaplin told the conference that asteroseismology was, in essence, listening to the "music of the stars" - a somewhat poetically apt reference, given that the Kepler craft is named after the 17th century German mathematician and astronomer, Johannes Kepler who reinvigorated Pythagorus notion of the"music of the spheres".

For some time, I have been researching how radio astronomy, when used as an instrument of audification, can enable us to move closer to the "music of the spheres" (http://radioqualia.va.com.au/honor/research.html). But astroseismology is proving to be an equally powerful instrument in helping us appreciate the sonic character of our universe.

Sources:
http://v.gd/kepler
http://is.gd/chaplin

Network of radio astronomy dishes redrawing the map of our galaxy

It's been a big week for astronomy, with important new data revealing the scale of both stars and planets.

Science Daily reports on how the continent-wide Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) - an international network of radio astronomy facilities - is redrawing the map of our home galaxy and is poised to yield tantalizing new information about extrasolar planets. Their work also has important implications for numerous areas of astrophysics, including determining the nature of dark energy, which constitutes 70 percent of the Universe.

"Solving the Dark Energy problem requires advancing the precision of cosmic distance measurements, and we are working to refine our observations and extend our methods to more galaxies," said James Braatz, of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).

The project uses the VLBA along with NRAO's Green Bank radio astronomy telescope in West Virginia, the largest fully-steerable dish antenna in the world. The VLBA, dedicated in 1993, uses ten, 25-meter-diameter dish antennas distributed from Hawaii to St. Croix in the Caribbean. All ten antennas work together as a single telescope with the greatest resolving power available to astronomy. Together, these telescopes can detect the faint radio emission from the stars to track their motion over time. This unique capability has produced landmark contributions to numerous scientific fields, ranging from Earth tectonics, climate research, and spacecraft navigation to cosmology.

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com

Space-time cloak can edit history

One of the central planks of science-fiction, the invisibility cloak, has taken one step closer to becoming reality, according to extraordinary new research revealed today in the Journal of Optics. And it isn't just matter it can render invisible, but entire tracts of history.

The "space-time cloak" is a device conceived by Martin McCall, an optical physicist at Imperial College London. It generates a pocket in reality in which actions can be concealed. Unlike "standard" invisibility cloaks, which bend light around an object, a space-time cloak would open up a time gap in the light by controlling its speed through optical fibres, and then seal it again to hide all traces of activity within the gap.

"I realised that it may be possible to use metamaterials to bend light rays in both space and time, not just in space," says Martin McCall, in Nature. "This would add a new dimension to the invisibility cloak - literally."

"You could imagine a burglar using a space-time cloak to create an invisible corridor leading to a safe," says McCall. With the cloak turned on, the burglar could run through this corridor, open the safe, steal the contents, shut the safe and escape, while any security camera trained on the safe would just show a continuous image of a locked door at every point in time, explains McCall. "The dastardly event would have been edited from history," he says.

Nature go on to explain that the key feature of the proposed space-time cloak is that its refractive index - the optical property that governs the speed of light within a material - is continually changed, pulling light rays apart in time. When the leading edge of a light wave hits the cloak, the material is manipulated to speed up the light, but when the trailing edge hits, the light is slowed down and delayed. "Between these two parts of the light, there will be a temporal void - a space in which there will be no illuminating light for a brief period of time," explains McCall.

McCall hopes that a fibre-optic cloak creating a space-time void around 30 centimetres long, to hide actions taking place over a few nanoseconds, could be built within the next year.

Source: http://www.nature.com

http://iopscience.iop.org

The galaxy is full of fullerenes

Last week, the Astrophysical Journal Letters published an interesting finding from astronomers working with NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope. It appears that fullerenes (aka buckyballs) are far more widespread in our galaxy than what we thought. The discovery has lead some astronomers to speculate that the spherical carbon molecules may have even seeded life of earth.

Astronomers found fullerenes in staggering quantities throughout the Milky Way, in the space between stars and around dying stars. Fullerenes are molecules consisting of 60 linked carbon atoms. They are also known as buckyballs, so named for their resemblance to the architect Buckminster Fuller's geodesic domes.

As NASA report: "The miniature spheres were first discovered in a lab on Earth 25 years ago, but it wasn't until this past July that Spitzer was able to provide the first confirmed proof of their existence in space. At that time, scientists weren't sure if they had been lucky to find a rare supply, or if perhaps the cosmic balls were all around."

"It turns out that buckyballs are much more common and abundant in the universe than initially thought," said astronomer Letizia Stanghellini of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory in Tucson. "Spitzer had recently found them in one specific location, but now we see them in other environments. This has implications for the chemistry of life. It's possible that buckyballs from outer space provided seeds for life on Earth."

Source:
http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1212-feature10-18 http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2010-351

Radio astronomers find the largest-ever pulsar

Major news from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory today as reports emerge that radio astronomers have discovered the most massive pulsar yet found. The giant neutron-star is almost twice the mass of the sun, and it's discovery will have strong and wide-ranging impacts across several fields of physics and astrophysics.

Pulsars are spinning neutron-stars. They are the radiophonic clocks of the universe, emitting a steady pulse of radio waves with each rotation, which can be detected here on Earth using radio telescopes like the Green Bank Telescope (GBT). This most recent addition to the pulsar family is known as J1614-2230, and is located about 3,000 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Scorpio. It is nearly 20% more massive than any previously measured star of its class, and is rotating at an incredible speed, completing 317 rotations every second.

Described, rather poetically, by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory as "the superdense corpses of massive stars that have exploded", neutron-stars have long been known to be ideal natural laboratories for studying the most dense and exotic states of matter known to physics. With all their mass packed into a sphere the size of a small city, their protons and electrons are crushed together into neutrons. A thimbleful of neutron-star material would weigh more than 500 million tons.

Discovering a neutron-star as large as J1614-2230 has come as a major surprise to astrophysicists. It's not just it's sheer size that's causing a flurry, it's the implications for our understanding of what pulsars are made of. Most existing computer models can not account for neutron-stars bigger than 1.5 times the mass of the sun without resorting to modelling the star using exotic particles. But initial measurements of J1614-2230 seem to indicate that this giant amongst neutron-stars is made up of just that - neutrons - rather than the exotic matter, such as hyperons, that many theories have predicted. Paul Demorest of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory believes their discovery "weakens the possibility that neutron stars are made from anything other than neutrons".

Source: http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2010/bigns/ http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v467/n7319/full/nature09466.html

Artists Use Augmented Reality to Hack Public Space

Augmented reality technology is starting to mature, creating increasing complex and imaginative sedimentary layers onto our lived environment.

We can see this in the emergence of urban augmented reality projects, which explore what Bruce Sterling refers to as "atemporality" - where the past, present and the future collide in a collaged moment.
Among the leading applications in this field are the likes of The Museum of London's "Streetmuseum" app and Sarah & Arthur Cox's "A Time Traveller's Guide".

Alongside these attempts to overlay the present with the past, is a trend amongst artists to augment - or improve - our cities' often overly commercial facades. One such example is the art project, "The Artvertiser", created by Berlin-based New Zealander, Julian Oliver. It imagines a near-future where advertising in public space can be replaced by art. It consists of custom-made handheld binocular devices and specially designed software. The Artvertiser considers Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Puerta del Sol in Madrid, Times Square in New York, and other sites dense with advertisements, as potential exhibition space. The Artvertiser software recognises individual advertisements, each of which become a virtual 'canvas' displaying artworks when viewed through the Artvertiser binoculars. The Artvertiser allows artists to create a new visual layer onto the topology of the city, which can only be seen when viewed through a device which cogently blends the aesthetics of the past, with a futuristic functionality.

A number of other artists are also using augmented reality to allow the public to subvert or remove the logos and adverts that are all around us. The New Scientist recently reported on the work of US artists Mark Skwarek and Jeff Crouse, alongside Julian Oliver's work. The article notes:

"New York artist Jeff Crouse has designed a program called Unlogo, which detects corporate logos in a video stream, then replaces them [...] Mark Skwarek, is using AR to make a political point about the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. The Leak in your Home Town is a smartphone app that overlays an animation of a leaking oil pipe over BP logos in gas stations or on billboards. [He] describes it as a kind of benign graffiti."

"Technology-inspired artists have designed ways for you to mask or perhaps even delete company logos in your field of view as you wander around a city or shopping centre."

Sources:
http://theartvertiser.com
http://www.newscientist.com

http://www.atimetravellersguide.com/

Listen to the Deep Ocean - live!

Last year, we reported on research published in Nature that showed how marine biologists were working hand-in-hand with physicists to use bio-acoustics technology for the dual purpose of monitoring marine live, and searching for neutrinos.

The recently launched Listening to the Deep Ocean Environment (LIDO) website takes this collaborative approach one step further. Michel André, a bioacoustician at the Technical University of Catalonia in Barcelona, Spain, and his colleagues, have spent the past 10 years placing hydrophones on the seabed, on existing research platforms that monitor earthquakes, tsunamis and detect neutrino particles from space.

They are studying sub-sea noise so that researchers can better understand the effects of human activity on whales and dolphins. But what's really extraordinary about their work is that they're allowing us to tune in. The LIDO website has links to live audio feeds from eleven hydrophones located in European waters, and North American waters.

André, quoted in the New Scientist, notes: "the system is powered from the shore, and streams audio data to a server where the signals are analysed and published directly on the internet."

With more hydrophones in the network the new system could reveal the effects of noise pollution on whales. Hydrophones can pick up sounds from baleen whales hundreds of kilometres away, so installations in different places could be used to triangulate an animal's position and track its course. It should therefore be possible to determine if animals change course in response to bursts of noise, or alter their preferred routes because of new sources of noise like shipping routes or harbours.

"It's the first time we have been able to monitor acoustic events on a large temporal and spatial scale," André says

An algorithm developed by André's laboratory filters the different frequencies in the signal to identify specific sounds, including the songs of 26 species of whales and dolphins, and noise from human activities such as shipping, wind farms, oil and gas drilling, and seismic testing.

Roger Gentry, an adviser for the E&P Sound and Marine Life Joint Industry Programme, comments that, "[Michel] André deserves a lot of credit for thinking in broad terms and using modern technology to make the oceans and marine mammals more familiar and accessible to us all."

André is a previous Rolex award-winner, acknowledged for his work designing a system to protect whales from collisions with ships: http://rolexawards.com/en/the-laureates/michelandre-biography.jsp

Sources: 

http://listentothedeep.net
http://www.newscientist.com